is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute. It can be calculated using the following equation: \(\text{cardiac output} = \text{stroke volume} \times \text{heart rate}\) ...

Resistance to flow can be explained in terms of the external or internal friction forces. External friction forces are encountered on the channel boundary, and are included in the momentum equation as ...

The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute can be calculated as cardiac output. Cardiac output can be calculated using the following equation: Stroke volume close stroke ...